Both Cooper and Lely flourished not only under the Puritans but also after the Restoration. ![]() Lely’s work is notable for its depth of tone, richness of color, and sensual elegance ( 39.65.3). The Flemish artist also influenced the Dutch-born portraitist Peter Lely, who became Charles II’s principal painter. ![]() Cooper’s uncle was John Hoskins, whose supple style and fine characterizations betray an awareness of Anthony van Dyck. The early work of Samuel Cooper demonstrates the broader handling typical of the Stuart period as well as the sobriety that characterizes the art of the Commonwealth. Most distinguished of the Tudor miniaturists was Nicholas Hilliard, whose delicate, finely wrought technique reflects his training as a goldsmith ( 35.89.4 32.100.311). His clients in the 1530s included the German merchants of the Hanseatic League who resided in London ( 50.135.4) as well as royalty, courtiers, and their household servants ( 50.145.24). By 1526, when he made his first trip to England, he had achieved unparalleled mastery of the means by which to create the illusion of the physical presence of a sitter. 1509–47), the most distinguished artist in London was Hans Holbein the Younger of Augsburg. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, many portraitists who worked in England were not native born. Portraits in exceptionally large numbers figured in interiors, where they were arranged to convey domestic as well as political and dynastic messages. Ceramics, silhouettes, coins, medals, and waxes bore likenesses. ![]() Portraits and caricatures accounted for a significant percentage of the prints made for sale or as book illustrations. A relatively stable monarchy in concert with a powerful landed aristocracy provided continuity and patronage. Portraiture has played a dominant role in England since the Renaissance, when the arts declaimed the legitimacy of the Tudor dynasty, while the Protestant Reformation effected a drastic decline in commissions for religious images.
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